Valmiki National Park: Titles to Captivate and Intrigue
Valmiki National Park, situated in the West Champaran District of Bihar, India, serves as a tiger reserve—the sole national park in the state. Covering an expansive area of 898.45 km2 (346.89 sq mi), the Valmiki Tiger Reserve constitutes 17.4% of the district’s total geographical expanse. As of the year 2022, the Reserve was home to a population of 54 tigers
History
The expansive forest region of Valmikinagar, formerly known as Bhainsa Lotan, was initially under the ownership of the Bettiah Raj and Ramanagar Raj until the early 1950s. In 1978, it attained the status of a Wildlife Sanctuary. The establishment of Valmiki National Park occurred in the year 1990, encompassing a total area of approximately 335.65 km2. Recognized as the 18th Tiger Reserve in the country, the Valmiki Tiger Reserve includes both the National Park and the Wildlife Sanctuary within its boundaries.
Ge0-Location
Situated in West Champaran, the name of which is derived from the combination of “Champa” and “Aranya,” signifying a forest of Champa trees, the region is geographically located between 83°0’50” and 84°0’10” E longitude and 27°0’10” and 27°0’03” N latitude. The total forest area spans about 900 square kilometers (350 sq mi), with the Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary covering 880 square kilometers (340 sq mi), and the National Park extending over an area of approximately 335 square kilometers (129 sq mi). To the north, the protected areas share borders with Nepal’s Chitwan National Park, while the western boundary of the sanctuary is demarcated by the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The Bihar Government is currently transforming 800 hectares of the Valmiki Tiger Reserve into a grassland, marking it as India’s largest grassland initiative.
Geographical
The topography of Valmiki National Park encompasses the foothills of the Sivalik Hills, characterized by a diverse landscape featuring cliffs, ridges, gorges, hills, streams, valleys, dense forests, open woodlands, grasslands, swamps, and riverine fringes. Located in the Gangetic plains bio-geographic zone of the country, the forest exhibits a combination of bhabar and terai tracts. The Bhabar tract is marked by boulder and pebble deposits from Himalayan rivers in the foothills, while the Terai lands feature finer sediment deposits.
The park includes the Someshwar Hill Range and Dun Hill system, characterized by knife-edge ridges, precipitous slopes, cliffs, spurs, gorges, and narrow valleys. The landscape consists of older alluvium with sandy soil, variegated clay, loose boulder deposits, and artesian flows. Higher contours exhibit lateritic formations, while the southern parts showcase newer alluvium with reissuing springs resembling artesian flows.
Crisscrossing and meandering rivers, streams, rivulets, man-made canals, swamps, and grasslands are prominent features of the area. The western boundary of Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary is formed by the River Gandak, which enters India at Valmikinagar, where the Sonha and Pachnad rivulets join it, creating a sacred confluence known as ‘Triveni.’ In Nepal, the river is called ‘Narayani.’ The Harha-Masan River system originates from the Valmiki Forests, forming the Burhi Gandak River to the south. The eastern end of the Sanctuary sees the River Pandai flowing into Bihar from Nepal, meeting the Masan. These rivers, along with their precursors and tributaries such as Rohua, Kotrahia, Manor, Bhapsa, Koshil, Singha, Dhonghi, Ganguli, and Dhoram, exhibit youthful vigor and vitality. Their cascades, as they descend from hills, ridges, and gorges, are captivating, gradually maturing into serene grandeur upon reaching the plains.
Flora
According to the classification by Champion and Seth, Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) boasts seven distinct forest types, making it an appealing destination for nature enthusiasts:
- Bhabar – Dun Sal Forest
- Dry Siwalik Sal Forest
- West Gangetic Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest
- Khair – Sissoo Forest
- Cane Brakes
- Eastern Wet Alluvial Grassland
- Barringtonia Swamp Forest
The reserve’s diverse topography and soil conditions support a range of vegetation types. The Botanical Survey of India has identified seven vegetation types within the sanctuary and national park:
- Moist mixed deciduous
- Open-land vegetation
- Sub-mountainous semi-evergreen formation
- Freshwater swamps
- Riparian fringes
- Alluvial grasslands and high hill savannah
- Wetlands
Noteworthy tree species in the valley area of VTR include Sal (Shorea robusta), Karam (Adina cardifolia), Asan (Terminalia tomentosa), Bahera (Terminalia bellirica), Asidh (Lagestromia parviflora), Simal (Salmelia malaberica), and Satsal (Dalbergia latifolia).
In hilly regions, alongside Sal, other tree species like Piyar (Buchanania cochinchinensis), Mandar (Dillenia aurea), Banjan (Anogeissus latifolia), Bhelwa (Semecarpus anacardium), Harra (Terminalia chebula), and Bodera (Eugenia operculata) are found. Notably, there’s a distinctive attraction of cane brakes primarily located in the Madanpur Forest block, serving as a favorable habitat for Tigers. Cane is prevalent in damp areas along most of the nalas in the Madanpur Range.
A small isolated patch of Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest, locally known as DHUP, is present in the Raghia Forest block. This is unique as Chir Pine forests typically occur at higher altitudes, but in VTR, they are found at altitudes ranging from 1000 ft. to 1700 ft.
The grasses in VTR include munj (Tripidium bengalense, synonym Saccharum munja), Kans (Saccharum spontaneum), Elephant grass (Typha elephantina), Narkat (Phragmites karka), Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), Imperata cylindrica, Choranth (Heteropogon contortus), Sabai (Eulaliopsis binata), etc. Climbers are also abundant, with common species such as Mahulan (Bauhinia vahlii), Mahai (Butea parviflora), Panilat (Vitis repanda), Ramdatwan (Smilax parviflora), and Arar (Acacia pinnate).
Valmiki Tiger Reserve is home to various medicinal plants, including Satawar (Asparagus racemosus), Safed Musli, Dudhkoraiya (Holarrahena antidysenterica), Amla (Emblica officinalis), Piper (Piper longum), among others.
Fauna
Mammals: The diverse mammalian species inhabiting Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) include the Bengal tiger, Indian rhinoceros, Asiatic Elephant, Asiatic black bear, Indian sloth bear, otter, Indian leopard, wild dog, wild water buffalo, and wild boar. Several species of deer, such as barking deer, spotted deer, hog deer, Sambar, and blue bull, coexist in the region. Additionally, sightings of the leopard cat, fishing cat, langur, monkey, flying squirrel, clouded leopard, Indian gaur, and mongoose are not uncommon. The tiger population in the Reserve witnessed growth from 10 in 2010 to 22 in 2013, reaching 54 in 2022.
In the Madanpur forest block, along the main road from Madanpur to Valmikinagar, a significant number of Indian flying foxes, a type of bat, can be observed at any time.
Reptiles: Valmiki Tiger Reserve is home to various reptiles, including pythons, King cobras, Krait, Banded kraits, and domuha snakes (sand boas). Aquatic reptiles such as gharial and monitor lizard are present, with a considerable population of crocodiles near Belahwa Village, adjacent to VTR. Gharials are notably found in the River Gandak, a watercourse linked to the Ganges.
Birds: The avian diversity of VTR comprises 241 reported bird species. Noteworthy species include the Nepal kalij pheasant, three-toed quail, paradise flycatcher, grey shrike, green willow warbler, tree pipit, white eye warbler, green barbet, waders, ibises, storks, pitta, plovers, snipes, pied hornbill, White-eared night heron, and emerald dove. VTR hosts five types of green pigeons and the purple wood pigeon. During the night, various owls, owlets, nightjars, etc., are easily sighted.
Butterflies: The vibrant jungle of VTR teems with diverse moth, caterpillar, and butterfly species. Commonly observed butterflies include the common Mormon, great Mormon, glassy tiger, great eggfly, club beak, grey pansy, lime butterfly, and common crow.
Cultural Diversity
The Valmiki landscape boasts a rich tapestry of socio-cultural diversity. The predominant community in the region is the Tharu people, classified as a scheduled tribe. Various theories exist regarding their colonization in the Himalayan terai. Primarily engaged in agriculture, their staple food is rice, and they have a non-vegetarian diet, enjoying chicken, pork, snails, and fish. Locally prepared liquor from jaggery is a popular beverage among them. Bhojpuri is their primary language, and they celebrate Rama Navami as a major festival. The Tharu people maintain socio-cultural ties with the Tharus of Nepal, and their population is approximately 2.5 lakh.
The scheduled tribes, collectively known as Dhangar in the Valmiki landscape, include four tribes: Oraon, Munda, Lohra, and Bhuiya. The term “Dhangar” translates to retained laborer in the Oraon dialect. Originally brought to the area as agricultural laborers from the Chhotanagpur Hills, each Dhangar tribe has its own dialect and observes distinct traditional festivals. The current population of Dhangars is around 0.5 lakh.
Communities other than the tribes are referred to as “Baaji.” These outsiders are involved in both agriculture and small businesses in the villages. Valmiki National Park stands as the sole Indian tiger reserve within the state of Bihar.
Eco-tourism
Valmiki National Park, Bihar’s crown jewel, beckons nature lovers with its lush forests and thriving tiger population. But the wonders surrounding this protected area extend far beyond its borders, offering a smorgasbord of ecotourism experiences and nearby tourist gems. Let’s dive into some of the treasures awaiting you:
1. Lauriya Nandan Garh: Embrace history and archaeology at Lauriya Nandan Garh, a sprawling ancient site boasting a majestic Ashoka pillar dating back to the 3rd century BCE. Imagine the whispers of history as you stand beside this monolithic marvel, etched with edicts of the emperor.
2. Valmiki Ashram: Seek spiritual solace at Valmiki Ashram, believed to be the abode of the revered sage who penned the Ramayana. This serene ashram, nestled amidst the tranquil environs of Chitwan National Park in Nepal, offers a chance to connect with nature and your inner self.
3. Bhitiharwa Ashram: Immerse yourself in Mahatma Gandhi’s legacy at Bhitiharwa Ashram, where he led a satyagraha movement against indigo planters in 1917. This historic ashram, located near Gaunaha in eastern Valmiki National Park, stands as a testament to his dedication to social justice.
4. Gandak River Cruise: Embark on a gentle cruise along the Gandak River, the lifeblood of the region. Glide through scenic landscapes, spot exotic birds like herons and kingfishers, and observe the rich biodiversity that thrives along the riverbanks.
5. Tharu Cultural Experience: Immerse yourself in the vibrant culture of the Tharu tribe, who have inhabited the Terai region for centuries. Visit their traditional villages, witness their unique customs and dance performances, and learn about their harmonious relationship with nature.
6. Valmiki National Park Jeep Safari: Embark on a thrilling jeep safari through the heart of Valmiki National Park, your eyes peeled for elusive tigers, spotted deer, and gaur grazing amidst the tall grasslands. Experience the raw beauty of the wild and feel the adrenaline rush as you navigate the verdant jungle trails.
7. Tarkulia Lake Bird Sanctuary: Escape to the tranquil haven of Tarkulia Lake Bird Sanctuary, a paradise for birdwatchers. Spot over 200 species of birds, from vibrant migratory ducks to majestic eagles, as they soar across the azure skies or glide gracefully over the lake’s shimmering surface.
8. Kesaria Stupa: Discover the ancient secrets of Kesaria Stupa, a Buddhist archaeological site dating back to the 3rd century BCE. Explore the remnants of stupas and monasteries, marvel at intricate carvings, and lose yourself in the whispers of Buddhist history.
9. Wildlife Photography Workshop: Hone your photography skills amidst the breathtaking landscapes and diverse wildlife of Valmiki National Park. Join a guided workshop led by experienced photographers, learn invaluable techniques, and capture unforgettable images of this natural wonderland.
Someshwar Hills:
- Activities: Explore the scenic Someshwar Hills, which offer panoramic views of the surrounding valleys. The hills are ideal for trekking and nature walks, providing an opportunity to experience the diverse flora and fauna.
- Madanpur:
- Wildlife Spotting: Madanpur, within the forest block, is a prime location for wildlife enthusiasts. It is known for sightings of Indian flying foxes, creating a unique experience for those interested in observing bats in their natural habitat.
Raghia Forest Block:
- Chir Pine Forest: Visit the Raghia Forest Block to witness a small isolated patch of Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest, locally known as DHUP. This unusual forest at lower altitudes provides a distinct ecological experience.
Bettiah:
- Cultural Exploration: Explore the nearby town of Bettiah, the district headquarters of West Champaran. Immerse yourself in the local culture, visit historical landmarks, and interact with the communities residing in the region.
Gandak Barrage:
- River Experience: The Gandak Barrage, located in close proximity, offers a chance to witness the confluence of the Gandak River. It’s a picturesque spot for nature lovers, providing an opportunity for birdwatching and enjoying river views.
Tharu Villages:
- Cultural Immersion: Visit Tharu villages to experience the indigenous culture of the Tharu community. Engage in local traditions, taste traditional cuisine, and witness their unique way of life.
Ramnagar Fort:
- Historical Site: Explore the historic Ramnagar Fort, which has ties to the Bettiah Raj. The fort showcases architectural heritage and provides insights into the region’s historical significance.
Gandak River Cruise:
- River Excursion: Consider a Gandak River cruise for a serene and scenic experience. This allows visitors to appreciate the river’s beauty and observe the surrounding landscapes from a different perspective.
Baijnath Dham:
- Religious Site: Baijnath Dham, a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, is a spiritual destination nearby. The temple’s architecture and religious importance make it a notable place for pilgrimage.
10. Cycling Tours: Explore the countryside surrounding Valmiki National Park on a leisurely cycling tour. Pedal through charming villages, witness rural life unfold, and breathe in the fresh air as you traverse scenic landscapes. This eco-friendly way to explore offers a unique perspective on the region’s beauty.
Remember, ecotourism is a responsible travel approach that minimizes environmental impact and benefits local communities. Choose eco-friendly accommodations, support local businesses, and practice responsible waste disposal to ensure a sustainable and enriching experience for both you and the environment.
With its rich tapestry of nature, culture, and history, the area around Valmiki National Park promises an unforgettable ecotourism adventure. So, pack your bags, lace up your hiking boots, and prepare to be swept away by the magic of this enchanting region!
Bonus Tip: Check out the Valmiki Tiger Reserve website for updates on park regulations, guided tours, and wildlife sightings. They also offer eco-friendly lodging options within the park.
Thing To Do
1. Embrace History at Lauriya Nandan Garh:
Travel back in time at Lauriya Nandan Garh, an ancient site boasting a majestic Ashoka pillar dating back to the 3rd century BCE. Imagine the whispers of history as you stand beside this monolithic marvel, etched with edicts of the emperor. Let the grandeur of the past transport you to a bygone era.
2. Seek Solace at Valmiki Ashram:
Find spiritual serenity at Valmiki Ashram, believed to be the abode of the revered sage who penned the Ramayana. Nestled amidst the tranquil environs of Chitwan National Park in Nepal, this serene ashram offers a chance to connect with nature and your inner self. Breathe in the peace and let the tranquility wash over you.
3. Witness Gandhi’s Legacy at Bhitiharwa Ashram:
Immerse yourself in the legacy of Mahatma Gandhi at Bhitiharwa Ashram, where he led a satyagraha movement against indigo planters in 1917. This historic ashram, located near Gaunaha in eastern Valmiki National Park, stands as a testament to his dedication to social justice. Be inspired by his unwavering commitment to change.
4. Cruise the Gentle Gandak River:
Embark on a gentle cruise along the Gandak River, the lifeblood of the region. Glide through scenic landscapes, spot exotic birds like herons and kingfishers, and observe the rich biodiversity that thrives along the riverbanks. Let the tranquil waters lull you into a state of serene relaxation.
5. Immerse Yourself in Tharu Culture:
Connect with the vibrant culture of the Tharu tribe, who have inhabited the Terai region for centuries. Visit their traditional villages, witness their unique customs and dance performances, and learn about their harmonious relationship with nature. Gain a deeper understanding of their rich heritage and way of life.
6. Embark on a Thrilling Jeep Safari:
Get your adrenaline pumping with a thrilling jeep safari through the heart of Valmiki National Park. Keep your eyes peeled for elusive tigers, spotted deer, and gaur grazing amidst the tall grasslands. Feel the excitement of navigating the verdant jungle trails and get up close to the park’s diverse wildlife.
7. Discover Birdwatching Paradise at Tarkulia Lake Bird Sanctuary:
Escape to the tranquil haven of Tarkulia Lake Bird Sanctuary, a paradise for birdwatchers. Spot over 200 species of birds, from vibrant migratory ducks to majestic eagles, as they soar across the azure skies or glide gracefully over the lake’s shimmering surface. Let the symphony of birdsongs fill your ears and delight your senses.
8. Unravel the Secrets of Kesaria Stupa:
Unearth the ancient secrets of Kesaria Stupa, a Buddhist archaeological site dating back to the 3rd century BCE. Explore the remnants of stupas and monasteries, marvel at intricate carvings, and lose yourself in the whispers of Buddhist history. Travel back in time and witness the grandeur of a bygone era.
9. Hone Your Photography Skills:
Sharpen your photography skills amidst the breathtaking landscapes and diverse wildlife of Valmiki National Park. Join a guided workshop led by experienced photographers, learn invaluable techniques, and capture unforgettable images of this natural wonderland. Turn your passion for nature into stunning visual memories.
10. Explore on Two Wheels:
Traverse the countryside surrounding Valmiki National Park on a leisurely cycling tour. Pedal through charming villages, witness rural life unfold, and breathe in the fresh air as you traverse scenic landscapes. This eco-friendly way to explore offers a unique perspective on the region’s beauty and allows you to connect with the local communities.
11. Wildlife Safari:
– Embark on an exciting wildlife safari within Valmiki National Park to witness the diverse flora and fauna, including Bengal tigers, Indian rhinoceros, Asiatic elephants, and various bird species.
12. Nature Walks in Someshwar Hills:
– Explore the scenic Someshwar Hills through nature walks, enjoying breathtaking views of valleys and discovering the rich biodiversity of the region.
13. Visit Valmikinagar and Valmiki Ashram:
– Take a trip to Valmikinagar and visit the Valmiki Ashram, immersing yourself in the cultural and spiritual heritage associated with this significant site.
14.Trekking in Madanpur:
– Engage in trekking activities in Madanpur, a prime location for wildlife spotting and enjoying the natural beauty of the surroundings.
15.Explore Raghia Forest Block:
– Explore the unique Chir Pine forest in the Raghia Forest Block, offering a distinctive ecological experience at lower altitudes.
16.Cultural Exploration in Bettiah:
– Immerse yourself in the local culture by exploring Bettiah, visiting historical landmarks, and interacting with the communities in the area.
17. Gandak Barrage Sightseeing:
– Visit the Gandak Barrage for a picturesque experience, enjoying river views and birdwatching opportunities.
18.Tharu Village Visit:
– Experience the indigenous culture of the Tharu community by visiting Tharu villages, participating in local traditions, and trying traditional cuisine.
19. Ramnagar Fort Exploration:
– Explore the historic Ramnagar Fort, appreciating its architectural heritage and learning about the historical significance of the region.
20. Gandak River Cruise:
– Enjoy a serene Gandak River cruise for a different perspective on the landscapes and to appreciate the natural beauty of the river.
21. Pilgrimage to Baijnath Dham:
– Undertake a spiritual journey by visiting Baijnath Dham, a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, known for its religious and architectural significance.
22. Bird Watching:
– Engage in birdwatching activities around Valmiki National Park, identifying various bird species that inhabit the diverse ecosystems.
23. Photography Expeditions:
– Capture the breathtaking landscapes, wildlife, and cultural elements through photography expeditions in and around Valmiki National Park.
24. River Activities:
– Participate in river activities such as fishing, boating, or simply enjoying the riverside ambiance along the Gandak River.
25. Camping in Nature:
– Experience the thrill of camping in the midst of nature, surrounded by the sounds of the forest and under the starlit sky.
Whether you seek adventure, cultural experiences, or a peaceful retreat into nature, Valmiki National Park and its surroundings offer a plethora of activities to suit various interests.
How to reach
Valmiki National Park beckons, and the call of the wild needs answering. But how do you get there? Fear not, adventurer, for several paths lead to this verdant paradise! Here are your options:
By Air:
- Patna Airport: The nearest airport, offering domestic connections across India. From Patna, you can hire a taxi or take a train to Bettiah, the gateway to Valmiki National Park.
- Gorakhpur Airport: Another option, providing access to major cities like Delhi and Mumbai. From Gorakhpur, you can take a train or bus to Valmikinagar, the park’s headquarters.
By Train:
- Bettiah Railway Station: The closest railway station to the park, with direct trains from Patna and Gorakhpur. From Bettiah, you can hire a taxi or rickshaw to Valmikinagar.
- Valmikinagar Railway Station: This station lies within the park itself, offering limited connections but immersing you in the wilderness right away.
By Road:
- National Highway 28: This highway connects Patna to Bettiah, offering a scenic drive through Bihar’s countryside.
- State Highway 55: From Gorakhpur, this highway offers a shorter but less scenic route to Valmikinagar.
Conclusion
As the sun dips below the horizon, casting long shadows across the emerald expanse of Valmiki National Park, a sense of wonder and satisfaction washes over you. From the exhilarating jeep safaris to the gentle river cruises, the captivating encounters with wildlife to the whispers of ancient history, your journey has been a tapestry woven with unforgettable experiences.
Perhaps you stand humbled beneath the grandeur of the ancient Ashoka pillar at Lauriya Nandan Garh, the weight of history echoing in your heart. Or maybe you find yourself at peace amidst the serene tranquility of Valmiki Ashram, the whispers of the Ramayana guiding your soul. Each corner of this region has unveiled a story, leaving you enriched and brimming with newfound knowledge.
But Valmiki’s magic extends beyond mere discovery. It’s a call to action, a nudge to become a responsible steward of nature. As you witness the grace of wild creatures and the delicate balance of ecosystems, you’ll leave with a renewed commitment to protecting this precious wilderness.
So, as you depart, let the memories of Valmiki linger within you. Share your stories, ignite the spark of wanderlust in others, and carry the torch of ecotourism. Remember, your journey isn’t just about the sights and sounds; it’s about the impact you leave behind.
Valmiki National Park isn’t just a destination; it’s a portal to a world of wonder, a promise of adventure, and a whispered plea for conservation. Let your exploration be a catalyst for change, one footprint at a time.
Faqs
Valmiki National Park is renowned for being the only national park in the state of Bihar, India, and is recognized as a significant habitat for Bengal tigers.
Valmiki National Park covers an extensive area of approximately 335.65 square kilometers, comprising diverse ecosystems and wildlife habitats.
As of 2022, there are 54 tigers in Valmiki National Park. This is a significant increase from just 10 tigers in 2010, showcasing the success of conservation efforts in the park. The tiger population has been steadily rising over the past decade, making Valmiki a crucial breeding ground for these majestic creatures.
Tourists are drawn to attractions such as wildlife safaris, the scenic Someshwar Hills, Valmikinagar, Valmiki Ashram, and cultural experiences with the Tharu community.
The dominant tribe in the Valmiki landscape is the Tharu community, with scheduled tribes collectively known as Dhangar, including Oraon, Munda, Lohra, and Bhuiya.
Valmiki National Park exhibits various vegetation types, including Bhabar-Dun Sal Forest, Dry Siwalik Sal Forest, West Gangetic Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest, Khair-Sissoo Forest, Cane Brakes, Eastern Wet Alluvial Grassland, and Barringtonia Swamp Forest.
Madanpur Forest Block offers wildlife spotting opportunities, especially Indian flying fox sightings. It is a prime location for nature enthusiasts and those interested in observing bats in their natural habitat.
Valmiki National Park is accessible by road, and the nearest major railway station is in Bettiah. The park can be reached from various cities in Bihar and neighboring states.
Yes, the Gandak Barrage in close proximity to the park offers opportunities for river-related activities such as boating, birdwatching, and enjoying the scenic views along the river.
Baijnath Dham is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and holds religious importance. Pilgrims often visit this site, contributing to the cultural and spiritual diversity in the region.